This paper examines the processes of formulation of UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG 12) – ‘Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns’ – and its targets and indicators. We argue that business interests have steered its narrative of sustainable growth. The outcome of the SDG 12 negotiations reflects a production? and design?centered perspective that emerged in the 1990s and has a business?friendly regulatory approach and faith in solutions through new technologies. We show how the targets and indicators emerged in debates between national governments, UN agencies, civil society and private sector organizations – and how they reflect both the political process and technical and practical considerations in translation of a broad concept into the SDG format. While the emergence of SDG 12 as a standalone goal stems from a push by developing countries to build pressure on developed countries, and its presence may open space for attention to this area in the future, many of its targets were watered down and left vague. The indicators to measure progress on the targets further narrow the scope and ambition of Goal 12, whose current content does not adequately reflect earlier more transformative conceptualizations of Sustainable Consumption and Production.

The report presents a framework for making corporate strategies effective for sustainable development by drawing on interdisciplinary research, involving business, civil society and governments. The report argues that SDG acceptance represents a paradigm shift in how all actors think about the interconnectedness of sustainability and asks: how should investment, education, risk, trade, infrastructure and industry change to accommodate the needs of people and the planet? The authors recognize the SDGs as a force for positive change in the world and emphasize three value dimensions – public, private and social value – to take into account as part of concrete strategic framework for business to embed the SDGs.